Article Sidebar

Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 619 Download : 398

Main Article Content

Abstract

Candida is a kind of yeast, is a fungus that infects the body.Candidiasis is known as yeast contagion because the infecting agent is a yeast, Candida albicans. Candida albicans are the pathogens that are of much significance which are present everywhere and mostly reside along side plentiful bacteria near mouth, gastrointestinal tract and vagina. Hippocrates was the first person to describe candidiasis in 1849. Candidiasis of the mouth is termed as Thrush. Cutaneous candidiasis is a skin infection that occurs in parts of the skin that have very little ventilation and are rarely moist. Deep Candidiasis occurs when fungi infiltrate the body, enter the bloodstream, and spread throughout the body.Treatment methodology are different for each case. Natural prevention is mandatory to safe yourself from being a victim to disease

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite
Al-Garawi, N. A. D., Suhail, A. A., & Meri, M. A. (2022). An Overview to Candidiasis: Types of Candidiasis, Virulence Factors, Symptoms of Infection and Treatment. Medical Science Journal for Advance Research, 3(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.46966/msjar.v3i1.34
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

References

  1. Acharya, S., Lohe, V. K., & Bhowate, R. R. (2017). Diagnosis and management of pseudomembranous candidiasis. J Otolaryngol ENT Res, 8(3), 249.
  2. Achkar, J. M., & Fries, B. C. (2010). Candida infections of the genitourinary tract. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 23(2), 253–273.
  3. Allert, S., Förster, T. M., Svensson, C.-M., Richardson, J. P., Pawlik, T., Hebecker, B., Rudolphi, S., Juraschitz, M., Schaller, M., & Blagojevic, M. (2018). Candida albicans-induced epithelial damage mediates translocation through intestinal barriers. MBio, 9(3).
  4. Almeida, R. S., Brunke, S., Albrecht, A., Thewes, S., Laue, M., Edwards Jr, J. E., Filler, S. G., & Hube, B. (2008). The hyphal-associated adhesin and invasin Als3 of Candida albicans mediates iron acquisition from host ferritin. PLoS Pathog, 4(11), e1000217.
  5. Alsomali, M. I., Arnold, M. A., Frankel, W. L., Graham, R. P., Hart, P. A., Lam-Himlin, D. M., Naini, B. V, Voltaggio, L., & Arnold, C. A. (2017). Challenges to “Classic” Esophageal CandidiasisLooks Are Usually Deceiving. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 147(1), 33–42.
  6. Alter, S. J., McDonald, M. B., Schloemer, J., Simon, R., & Trevino, J. (2018). Common child and adolescent cutaneous infestations and fungal infections. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 48(1), 3–25.
  7. Astvad, K., Johansen, H. K., Høiby, N., Steptoe, P., & Ishøy, T. (2015). Oropharyngeal candidiasis in palliative care patients in Denmark. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 18(11), 940–944.
  8. Barelle, C. J., Priest, C. L., MacCallum, D. M., Gow, N. A. R., Odds, F. C., & Brown, A. J. P. (2006). Niche‐specific regulation of central metabolic pathways in a fungal pathogen. Cellular Microbiology, 8(6), 961–971.
  9. Benito-Cruz, B., Aranda-Romo, S., López-Esqueda, F. J., de la Rosa-García, E., Rosas-Hernández, R., & Sánchez-Vargas, L. O. (2016). Oral Candida isolates and fluconazole susceptibility patterns in older Mexican women. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 65, 204–210.
  10. Bongomin, F., Gago, S., Oladele, R. O., & Denning, D. W. (2017). Global and multi-national prevalence of fungal diseases—estimate precision. Journal of Fungi, 3(4), 57.
  11. Brown, A. J. P., Brown, G. D., Netea, M. G., & Gow, N. A. R. (2014). Metabolism impacts upon Candida immunogenicity and pathogenicity at multiple levels. Trends in Microbiology, 22(11), 614–622.
  12. Brown, A. J. P., Budge, S., Kaloriti, D., Tillmann, A., Jacobsen, M. D., Yin, Z., Ene, I. V, Bohovych, I., Sandai, D., & Kastora, S. (2014). Stress adaptation in a pathogenic fungus. Journal of Experimental Biology, 217(1), 144–155.
  13. Buggio, L., Somigliana, E., Borghi, A., & Vercellini, P. (2019). Probiotics and vaginal microecology: fact or fancy? BMC Women’s Health, 19(1), 1–6.
  14. Calderone, R. A., & Clancy, C. J. (2011). Candida and candidiasis. American Society for Microbiology Press.
  15. Cassone, A., & Sobel, J. D. (2016). Experimental models of vaginal candidiasis and their relevance to human candidiasis. Infection and Immunity, 84(5), 1255–1261.
  16. Chen, H., Zhou, X., Ren, B., & Cheng, L. (2020). The regulation of hyphae growth in Candida albicans. Virulence, 11(1), 337–348.
  17. Childers, D. S., Raziunaite, I., Mol Avelar, G., Mackie, J., Budge, S., Stead, D., Gow, N. A. R., Lenardon, M. D., Ballou, E. R., & MacCallum, D. M. (2016). The rewiring of ubiquitination targets in a pathogenic yeast promotes metabolic flexibility, host colonization and virulence. PLoS Pathogens, 12(4), e1005566.
  18. Chirac, A., Brzezinski, P., Chiriac, A. E., Foia, L., & Pinteala, T. (2014). Autosensitisation (Autoeczematisation) reactions in a case of diaper dermatitis candidiasis. Nigerian Medical Journal: Journal of the Nigeria Medical Association, 55(3), 274.
  19. Czuban, M. A. (2020). Antimicrobial biomaterials for treatment of bone and implant infections.
  20. d’Enfert, C., Kaune, A.-K., Alaban, L.-R., Chakraborty, S., Cole, N., Delavy, M., Kosmala, D., Marsaux, B., Fróis-Martins, R., & Morelli, M. (2020). The impact of the Fungus-Host-Microbiota interplay upon Candida albicans infections: current knowledge and new perspectives. FEMS Microbiology Reviews.
  21. Dalle, F., Wächtler, B., L’Ollivier, C., Holland, G., Bannert, N., Wilson, D., Labruère, C., Bonnin, A., & Hube, B. (2010). Cellular interactions of Candida albicans with human oral epithelial cells and enterocytes. Cellular Microbiology, 12(2), 248–271.
  22. de Groot, P. W. J., Bader, O., de Boer, A. D., Weig, M., & Chauhan, N. (2013). Adhesins in human fungal pathogens: glue with plenty of stick. Eukaryotic Cell, 12(4), 470–481.
  23. Dehullu, J., Valotteau, C., Herman-Bausier, P., Garcia-Sherman, M., Mittelviefhaus, M., Vorholt, J. A., Lipke, P. N., & Dufrêne, Y. F. (2019). Fluidic force microscopy demonstrates that homophilic adhesion by Candida albicans Als proteins is mediated by amyloid bonds between cells. Nano Letters, 19(6), 3846–3853.
  24. Ene, I. V, Adya, A. K., Wehmeier, S., Brand, A. C., MacCallum, D. M., Gow, N. A. R., & Brown, A. J. P. (2012). Host carbon sources modulate cell wall architecture, drug resistance and virulence in a fungal pathogen. Cellular Microbiology, 14(9), 1319–1335.
  25. Gow, N. A. R., Van De Veerdonk, F. L., Brown, A. J. P., & Netea, M. G. (2012). Candida albicans morphogenesis and host defence: discriminating invasion from colonization. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 10(2), 112–122.
  26. Granger, B. L. (2012). Insight into the antiadhesive effect of yeast wall protein 1 of Candida albicans. Eukaryotic Cell, 11(6), 795–805.
  27. Havlickova, B., Czaika, V. A., & Friedrich, M. (2008). Epidemiological trends in skin mycoses worldwide. Mycoses, 51, 2–15.
  28. Hoyer, L. L., & Cota, E. (2016). Candida albicans agglutinin-like sequence (Als) family vignettes: a review of Als protein structure and function. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 280.
  29. Jacobsen, I. D., Wilson, D., Wächtler, B., Brunke, S., Naglik, J. R., & Hube, B. (2012). Candida albicans dimorphism as a therapeutic target. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 10(1), 85–93.
  30. Jennings, J. E., & Brush, C. G. (2013). Research on women entrepreneurs: challenges to (and from) the broader entrepreneurship literature? Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), 663–715.
  31. Kalantar, E., Asadi, M., Hatami, S., Barari, M. A., Naseh, M. H., Mahmoudi, E., & Kabir, K. (2015). Candida non albicans isolates with a high antibiotic resistance: a real threat for cancer patients in Karaj City. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 4(1), 1.
  32. Kashem, S. W., & Kaplan, D. H. (2016). Skin immunity to Candida albicans. Trends in Immunology, 37(7), 440–450.
  33. Kohli, S., & Shinde, C. V. (2019). Candidiasis and Oral Cavity: A Review. International Journal of Research and Review, 6(5), 335–340.
  34. Kuznets, G., Vigonsky, E., Weissman, Z., Lalli, D., Gildor, T., Kauffman, S. J., Turano, P., Becker, J., Lewinson, O., & Kornitzer, D. (2014). A relay network of extracellular heme-binding proteins drives C. albicans iron acquisition from hemoglobin. PLoS Pathog, 10(10), e1004407.
  35. Lin, J., Oh, S.-H., Jones, R., Garnett, J. A., Salgado, P. S., Rusnakova, S., Matthews, S. J., Hoyer, L. L., & Cota, E. (2014). The peptide-binding cavity is essential for Als3-mediated adhesion of Candida albicans to human cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 289(26), 18401–18412.
  36. Lohse, M. B., Gulati, M., Johnson, A. D., & Nobile, C. J. (2018). Development and regulation of single-and multi-species Candida albicans biofilms. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 16(1), 19–31.
  37. Mayer, F. L., Wilson, D., & Hube, B. (2013). Candida albicans pathogenicity mechanisms. Virulence 4: 119–128.
  38. Meyer, E., Geffers, C., Gastmeier, P., & Schwab, F. (2013). No increase in primary nosocomial candidemia in 682 German intensive care units during 2006 to 2011. Eurosurveillance, 18(24), 20505.
  39. Moyes, D. L., Wilson, D., Richardson, J. P., Mogavero, S., Tang, S. X., Wernecke, J., Höfs, S., Gratacap, R. L., Robbins, J., & Runglall, M. (2016). Candidalysin is a fungal peptide toxin critical for mucosal infection. Nature, 532(7597), 64–68.
  40. Naglik, J. R., Moyes, D. L., Wächtler, B., & Hube, B. (2011). Candida albicans interactions with epithelial cells and mucosal immunity. Microbes and Infection, 13(12–13), 963–976.
  41. Nasser, L., Weissman, Z., Pinsky, M., Amartely, H., Dvir, H., & Kornitzer, D. (2016). Structural basis of haem-iron acquisition by fungal pathogens. Nature Microbiology, 1(11), 1–10.
  42. Nasution, A. I. (2013). Virulence factor and pathogenicity of Candida albicans in oral candidiasis. World J Dent, 4(4), 267–271.
  43. Nicholls, S., MacCallum, D. M., Kaffarnik, F. A. R., Selway, L., Peck, S. C., & Brown, A. J. P. (2011). Activation of the heat shock transcription factor Hsf1 is essential for the full virulence of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 48(3), 297–305.
  44. Nobile, C. J., Fox, E. P., Nett, J. E., Sorrells, T. R., Mitrovich, Q. M., Hernday, A. D., Tuch, B. B., Andes, D. R., & Johnson, A. D. (2012). A recently evolved transcriptional network controls biofilm development in Candida albicans. Cell, 148(1–2), 126–138.
  45. Nobile, C. J., & Johnson, A. D. (2015). Candida albicans biofilms and human disease. Annual Review of Microbiology, 69, 71–92.
  46. Nobile, C. J., Schneider, H. A., Nett, J. E., Sheppard, D. C., Filler, S. G., Andes, D. R., & Mitchell, A. P. (2008). Complementary adhesin function in C. albicans biofilm formation. Current Biology, 18(14), 1017–1024.
  47. Pappas, P. G., Kauffman, C. A., Andes, D. R., Clancy, C. J., Marr, K. A., Ostrosky-Zeichner, L., Reboli, A. C., Schuster, M. G., Vazquez, J. A., & Walsh, T. J. (2016). Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 62(4), e1–e50.
  48. Patel, M., Kunz, D. F., Trivedi, V. M., Jones, M. G., Moser, S. A., & Baddley, J. W. (2005). Initial management of candidemia at an academic medical center: evaluation of the IDSA guidelines. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 52(1), 29–34.
  49. Phan, Q. T., Myers, C. L., Fu, Y., Sheppard, D. C., Yeaman, M. R., Welch, W. H., Ibrahim, A. S., Edwards Jr, J. E., & Filler, S. G. (2007). Als3 is a Candida albicans invasin that binds to cadherins and induces endocytosis by host cells. PLoS Biol, 5(3), e64.
  50. Qadir, M. I., & Asif, H. (2020). An overview to candidiasis-a Candida infection. International Journal of Advanced Research in Microbiology and Immunology, 2(1), 31–33.
  51. Rao, P. K., Chatra, L., Shenai, P., & Veena, K. M. (2013). Oral Candidiasis-A Review. JIDA: Journal of Indian Dental Association, 7(5).
  52. Richardson, J. P., Willems, H. M. E., Moyes, D. L., Shoaie, S., Barker, K. S., Tan, S. L., Palmer, G. E., Hube, B., Naglik, J. R., & Peters, B. M. (2018). Candidalysin drives epithelial signaling, neutrophil recruitment, and immunopathology at the vaginal mucosa. Infection and Immunity, 86(2).
  53. Schofield, D. A., Westwater, C., Warner, T., & Balish, E. (2005). Differential Candida albicans lipase gene expression during alimentary tract colonization and infection. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 244(2), 359–365.
  54. Silva, S., Negri, M., Henriques, M., Oliveira, R., Williams, D. W., & Azeredo, J. (2012). Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis: biology, epidemiology, pathogenicity and antifungal resistance. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 36(2), 288–305.
  55. Singh, A., Verma, R., Murari, A., & Agrawal, A. (2014). Oral candidiasis: An overview. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: JOMFP, 18(Suppl 1), S81.
  56. Solis, N. V, Swidergall, M., Bruno, V. M., Gaffen, S. L., & Filler, S. G. (2017). The aryl hydrocarbon receptor governs epithelial cell invasion during oropharyngeal candidiasis. MBio, 8(2).
  57. Sudbery, P., Gow, N., & Berman, J. (2004). The distinct morphogenic states of Candida albicans. Trends in Microbiology, 12(7), 317–324.
  58. Sun, J. N., Solis, N. V, Phan, Q. T., Bajwa, J. S., Kashleva, H., Thompson, A., Liu, Y., Dongari-Bagtzoglou, A., Edgerton, M., & Filler, S. G. (2010). Host cell invasion and virulence mediated by Candida albicans Ssa1. PLoS Pathog, 6(11), e1001181.
  59. Taff, H. T., Mitchell, K. F., Edward, J. A., & Andes, D. R. (2013). Mechanisms of Candida biofilm drug resistance. Future Microbiology, 8(10), 1325–1337.
  60. Tan, C. W., & Chlebicki, M. P. (2016). Urinary tract infections in adults. Singapore Medical Journal, 57(9), 485.
  61. Vandermeulen, G., Rouxhet, L., Arien, A., Brewster, M. E., & Préat, V. (2006). Encapsulation of amphotericin B in poly (ethylene glycol)-block-poly (ɛ-caprolactone-co-trimethylenecarbonate) polymeric micelles. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 309(1–2), 234–240.
  62. Vidigal, P. G., & Svidzinski, T. I. E. (2010). The Hidden Threats of Candida spp. to the Respiratory Tract. Laboratory Medicine, 41(5), 275–276.
  63. Vincent, S. (2012). Origin of the Names of Species of Candida. Available on www. antimicyobe. org.
  64. Wächtler, B., Citiulo, F., Jablonowski, N., Förster, S., Dalle, F., Schaller, M., Wilson, D., & Hube, B. (2012). Candida albicans-epithelial interactions: dissecting the roles of active penetration, induced endocytosis and host factors on the infection process. PloS One, 7(5), e36952.
  65. Wall, G., Montelongo-Jauregui, D., Bonifacio, B. V., Lopez-Ribot, J. L., &

Most read articles by the same author(s)