Effect of Active and Passive Smoking on Certain Parameters in Females in Alnajaf Alashraf

Abstract

Background: In this study, the authors looked at how smoking cigarettes can affect reproductive hormone levels, the regularity of the menstrual cycle and the fertility outcomes amongst women of reproductive age. They found that smokers had a significantly higher level (p=0.04) of LH than women who do not smoker. While there were no other significant differences between groups in FSH, estrogen, and progesterone levels, menstrual cycle regularity in smokers was significantly reduced compared to non-smokers (62% vs. 78%, p=0.02), and the prevalence of infertility was much greater in smokers than in non-smokers (35% to 18%, p=0.01). The moderate positive correlation was found with daily smoking and LH levels(r = 0.56. R2 = 0.32). In contrast, FSH & Estrogen showed weak or negligible correlations. Similarly, long-term smoke exposure(due to years of smoking) did not show any significant linear relationship with hormone concentrations(R2 < 2%). Therefore, the results suggest that the effects of smoking on reproductive endocrinology are selective in nature, influencing LH release, menstrual cycle regularity, and fertility, while having less impact on other hormone levels.