Evaluation of Renal Function Biomarkers, Hematological Indices, and Electrolyte Disturbances in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients

Abstract

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are associated with significant hematological, biochemical, and electrolyte abnormalities, particularly in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Impaired renal function leads to the accumulation of metabolic waste products, anemia, and electrolyte disturbances that may contribute to cardiovascular complications, metabolic instability, and increased morbidity and mortality. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between renal function biomarkers, hematological parameters, and electrolyte disturbances in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis and to determine their clinical significance in assessing disease severity and dialysis-related complications. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 177 patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis. Hematological, biochemical, and electrolyte analyses were performed using automated laboratory analyzers. Parameters evaluated included serum creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, chloride, hemoglobin, white blood cell count, and platelet count. Correlation and comparative statistical analyses were used to assess the relationships among the studied variables. Results: The results showed significantly increased serum urea and creatinine levels, together with a definitive diagnosis of renal dysfunction as compared to the healthy controls. A high proportion of patients had renal anemia, with hemoglobin levels being low in many individuals. Electrolyte derangements were common, particularly hyperkalemia and hyponatremia. Correlation analysis showed that serum creatinine had positive correlations with potassium and chloride, while hemoglobin levels had reverse correlations with sodium and urea concentrations. Trial registration: The differential alterations in white blood cell and platelet counts indicated a chronic inflammatory activation, which may also be the background for uremic platelet dysfunction in ESRD patients. Conclusion: Chronic hemodialysis patients exhibit significant interrelated hematological, biochemical, and electrolyte disturbances associated with progressive renal dysfunction. Integrated monitoring of these laboratory parameters may improve dialysis adequacy assessment, risk stratification, and clinical management of ESRD patients.