Review On The Role Of Host Immune Response In Protection And Immunopathogenesis During Entamoeba Histolytica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46966/msjar.v3i4.84Keywords:
Entamoebae Histolyticae, Immunee EEvasion, Phagocytosise, Apoptosise, TrogocytosiseAbstract
Background: A protozoane parasite callede Entamoeba histolyticae (Eh) infects Entamoebae histolytica (Eh), a protozoane parasite that causese 100,000 deaths per year frome amebic dysentery and/or livere abscess, has infectede 10% of the entire world'se population. Usuallye, this extracellular parasitee colonizes the colone with high affinity bindinge to MUC2 mucin without causing illness symptoms, but occasionally, Eh invades the colonic mucosae and triggers an agressivee inflammatory responsee. The particulare host-parasite variables requirede for illnesse etiologye are still mostlye unknown. The parasite's cysteine proteasee cleaved thee C-terminus ofe MUC2, that causese the mucus layer to dissolve, followede by adsorption and cytotoxicitye of the mucosal epitheliume, are the disease's hallmark eventse that cause the condition to worsene. Every time a host cell that causes tissue injurye comes into contact with the host, the host generates an excessively inefficient pro-inflammatory responsee. They can cause cell death through phagocytosis, apoptosis, or trogocytosise (the absorption of livinge cells), which may be cruciale for immune evasion, as well as othere detrimental effects that are brought on by their attachment to the host cellse. Immune evasion techniquese are used by Eh to survive and induce diseasee manifestation in the host; these techniquese are the main focuse of this reviewe. eAn estimated 100,000 individualse are predicted to die eache year from E. histolytica infectione, which is thoughte to impact 1% of peoplee. Clinicale manifestations of a mebice infection can range frome mild to severee, causing extraintestinal abscessese and diarrhea. Onlye 20% of those whoe are affectede, like othere infectious diseasese, reportedly exhibite symptoms. The outcomee of an infection is controllede by both the genetic makee-up of the parasitee and the host ase well as environmental factors like the microbiome. Amebic infection goes through a number of critical stages, includinge the degeneratione of the mucosale layer and infiltratione into it, adherencee to the intestinal epitheliume, invasion intoe the tissuese, and diffusione to other organs.
References
Ackers J, Clark CG, Diamond LS, Duchêne M, Cantellano ME, Jackson TF, et al. WHO/PAHO/UNESCO report. A consultation with experts on amoebiasis. Mexico City, Mexico 28-29 January, 1997. Epidemiol Bull (1997) 18:13–4.
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet (2012) 380:2095–128.10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
Ali IK, Clark CG, Petri WA, Jr. Molecular epidemiology of amebiasis. Infect Genet Evol (2008) 8:698–707.10.1016/j.meegid.2008.05.004
Ximénez C, Morán P, Rojas L, Valadez A, Gómez A. Reassessment of the epidemiology of amebiasis: state of the art. Infect Genet Evol (2009) 9:1023–32.10.1016/j.meegid.2009.06.008
Haque R, Ali IM, Sack RB, Farr BM, Ramakrishnan G, Petri WA, Jr. Amebiasis and mucosal IgA antibody against the Entamoeba histolytica adherence lectin in Bangladeshi children. J Infect Dis (2001) 183:1787–93.10.1086/320740
Hung CC, Chang SY, Ji DD. Entamoeba histolytica infection in men who have sex with men. Lancet Infect Dis (2012) 12:729–36.10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70147-0 7. Watanabe K, Gatanaga H, Escueta-de Cadiz A, Tanuma J, Nozaki T, Oka S. Amebiasis in HIV-1-infected Japanese men: clinical features and response to therapy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis (2011) 5:e1318.10.1371/journal.pntd.0001318 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Haghighi A, Kobayashi S, Takeuchi T, Masuda G, Nozaki T. Remarkable genetic polymorphism among Entamoeba histolytica isolates from a limited geographic area. J Clin Microbiol (2002) 40:4081–90.10.1128/JCM.40.11.4081-4090.2002 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Haghighi A, Kobayashi S, Takeuchi T, Thammapalerd N, Nozaki T. Geographic diversity among genotypes of Entamoeba histolytica field isolates. J Clin Microbiol (2003) 41:3748–56.10.1128/JCM.41.8.3748-3756.2003 10. Haque R, Mondal D, Karim A, Molla IH, Rahim A, Faruque AS, et al. Prospective case-control study of the association between common enteric protozoal parasites and diarrhea in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis (2009) 48:1191–7.10.1086/597580
Haque R, Huston CD, Hughes M, Houpt E, Petri WA., Jr Amebiasis. N Engl J Med (2003) 348:1565–73.10.1056/NEJMra022710 12. Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases of Japan. HIV/AIDS in Japan in the Year of 2013. IASR. Vol. 35 (2014). p. 223–4. Available from: http://www.nih.go.jp/niid/ja/id/969-disease-based/a/entamoeba-histolytica/idsc/iasr-in/4978-kj4151.html
Petri WA, Jr, Haque R, Mann BJ. The bittersweet interface of parasite and host: lectin-carbohydrate interactions during human invasion by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Annu Rev Microbiol (2002) 56:39–64.10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160959 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Leippe M. Amoebapores. Parasitol Today (1997) 13:178–83.10.1016/S0169-4758(97)01038-7 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Bruhn H, Riekens B, Berninghausen O, Leippe M. Amoebapores and NK-lysin, members of a class of structurally distinct antimicrobial and cytolytic peptides from protozoa and mammals: a comparative functional analysis. Biochem J (2003) 375:737–44.10.1042/BJ20030250 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Kelsall BL, Ravdin JI. Degradation of human IgA by Entamoeba histolytica. J Infect Dis (1993) 168:1319–22.10.1093/infdis/168.5.1319 17. Schulte W, Scholze H. Action of the major protease from Entamoeba histolytica on proteins of the extracellular matrix. J Protozool (1989) 36:538–43.10.1111/j.1550-7408.1989.tb01092.x 18. Tran VQ, Herdman S, Torian BE, Reed SL. The neutral cysteine proteinase of Entamoeba histolytica degrades IgG and prevents its binding. J Infect Dis (1998) 177:508–11.10.1086/517388 19. Que X, Reed SL. Cysteine proteinases and the pathogenesis of amebiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev (2000) 13:196–206.10.1128/CMR.13.2.196-206.2000
Tillack M, Biller L, Irmer H, Freitas M, Gomes MA, Tannich E, et al. The Entamoeba histolytica genome: primary structure and expression of proteolytic enzymes. BMC Genomics (2007) 8:170.10.1186/1471-2164-8-170
Lamm ME. Current concepts in mucosal immunity. IV. How epithelial transport of IgA antibodies relates to host defense. Am J Physiol (1998) 274:G614–7.
Haque R, Duggal P, Ali IM, Hossain MB, Mondal D, Sack RB, et al. Innate and acquired resistance to amebiasis in bangladeshi children. J Infect Dis (2002) 186:547–52.10.1086/341566
Haque R, Mondal D, Duggal P, Kabir M, Roy S, Farr BM, et al. Entamoeba histolytica infection in children and protection from subsequent amebiasis. Infect Immun (2006) 74:904–9.10.1128/IAI.74.2.904-909.2006
Abd-Alla MD, Jackson TF, Rogers T, Reddy S, Ravdin JI. Mucosal immunity to asymptomatic Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar infection is associated with a peak intestinal antilectin immunoglobulin A antibody response. Infect Immun (2006) 74:3897–903.10.1128/IAI.02018-05
Ravdin JI, Abd-Alla MD, Welles SL, Reddy S, Jackson TF. Intestinal antilectin immunoglobulin A antibody response and immunity to Entamoeba dispar infection following cure of amebic liver abscess. Infect Immun (2003) 71:6899–905.10.1128/IAI.71.12.6899-6905.2003
Kaur U, Sharma AK, Sharma M, Vohra H. Distribution of Entamoeba histolytica Gal/GalNAc lectin-specific antibody response in an endemic area. Scand J Immunol (2004) 60:524–8.10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01512.x
Bernin H, Marggraff C, Jacobs T, Brattig N, Le VA, Blessmann J, et al. Immune markers characteristic for asymptomatically infected and diseased Entamoeba histolytica individuals and their relation to sex. BMC Infect Dis (2014) 14:621.10.1186/s12879-014-0621-1
Gay NJ, Gangloff M. Structure and function of toll receptors and their ligands. Annu Rev Biochem (2007) 76:141–65.10.1146/annurev.biochem.76.060305.151318
Bansal D, Ave P, Kerneis S, Frileux P, Boché O, Baglin AC, et al. An ex-vivo human intestinal model to study Entamoeba histolytica pathogenesis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis (2009) 3:e551.10.1371/journal.pntd.0000551
Galván-Moroyoqui JM, Del CarmenDomínguez-Robles M, Meza I. Pathogenic bacteria prime the induction of toll-like receptor signalling in human colonic cells by the Gal/GalNAc lectin carbohydrate recognition domain of Entamoeba histolytica. Int J Parasitol (2011) 41:1101–12.10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.06.003
Kumar H, Kawai T, Akira S. Pathogen recognition by the innate immune system. Int Rev Immunol (2011) 30:16–34.10.3109/08830185.2010.529976
Helk E, Bernin H, Ernst T, Ittrich H, Jacobs T, Heeren J, et al. TNFα-mediated liver destruction by Kupffer cells and Ly6Chi monocytes during Entamoeba histolytica infection. PLoS Pathog (2013) 9:e1003096.10.1371/journal.ppat.1003096
Lotter H, González-Roldán N, Lindner B, Winau F, Isibasi A, Moreno-Lafont M, et al. Natural killer T cells activated by a lipopeptidophosphoglycan from Entamoeba histolytica are critically important to control amebic liver abscess. PLoS Pathog (2009) 5(5):e1000434.10.1371/journal.ppat.1000434
Peterson KM, Shu J, Duggal P, Haque R, Mondal D, Petri WA., Jr Association between TNF-α and Entamoeba histolytica diarrhea. Am J Trop Med Hyg (2010) 82:620–5.10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0493.
Sánchez-Guillén Mdel C, Pérez-Fuentes R, Salgado-Rosas H, Ruiz-Argüelles A, Ackers J, Shire A, et al. Differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar by PCR and their correlation with humoral and cellular immunity in individuals with clinical variants of amoebiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg (2002) 66:731–7.
Haque R, Mondal D, Shu J, Roy S, Kabir M, Davis AN, et al. Correlation of interferon-γ production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells with childhood malnutrition and susceptibility to amebiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg (2007) 76:340–4.
Bansal D, Sehgal R, Chawla Y, Malla N, Mahajan RC. Cytokine mRNA expressions in symptomatic vs. asymptomatic amoebiasis patients. Parasite Immunol (2005) 27:37–43.10.1111/j.1365-3024.2005.00739.x
Guo X, Barrosom L, Becker SM, Lyerly DM, Vedvick TS, Reed SG, et al. Protection against intestinal amebiasis by a recombinant vaccine is transferable by T cells and mediated by gamma interferon. Infect Immun (2009) 77:3909–18.10.1128/IAI.00487-09
Guo X, Barroso L, Lyerly DM, Petri WA, Jr, Houpt ER. CD4+ and CD8+ T cell- and IL-17-mediated protection against Entamoeba histolytica induced by a recombinant vaccine. Vaccine (2011) 29:772–7.10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.11.013
Liang SC, Tan XY, Luxenberg DP, Karim R, Dunussi-Joannopoulos K, Collins M, et al. Interleukin (IL)-22 and IL-17 are coexpressed by Th17 cells and cooperatively enhance expression of antimicrobial peptides. J Exp Med (2006) 203(10):2271–9.10.1084/jem.20061308
Nishida A, Lau CW, Zhang M, Andoh A, Shi HN, Mizoguchi E, et al. The membrane-bound mucin Muc1 regulates T helper 17-cell responses and colitis in mice. Gastroenterology (2012) 142:865–74.e2.10.1053/j.gastro.2011.12.036
Cao AT, Yao S, Gong B, Elson CO, Cong Y. Th17 cells upregulate polymeric Ig receptor and intestinal IgA and contribute to intestinal homeostasis. J Immunol (2012) 189:4666–73.10.4049/jimmunol.1200955
Blaschitz C, Raffatellu M. Th17 cytokines and the gut mucosal barrier. J Clin Immunol (2010) 30:196–203.10.1007/s10875-010-9368-7
Ghadirian E, Denis M. In vivo activation of macrophages by IFN-γ to kill Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites in vitro. Parasite Immunol (1992) 14:397–404.10.1111/j.1365-3024.1992.tb00014.x
Lin JY, Chadee K. Macrophage cytotoxicity against Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites is mediated by nitric oxide from L-arginine. J Immunol (1992) 148:3999–4005.
Espinosa-Cantellano M, Martínez-Palomo A. Pathogenesis of intestinal amebiasis: from molecules to disease. Clin Microbiol Rev (2000) 13:318–31.10.1128/CMR.13.2.318-331.2000
Denis M, Chadee K. Cytokine activation of murine macrophages for in vitro killing of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. Infect Immun (1989) 57:1750–6.
Berrilli F, Di Cave D, Cavallero S, D’Amelio S. Interactions between parasites and microbial communities in the human gut. Front Cell Infect Microbiol (2012) 2:141.10.3389/fcimb.2012.00141
Gilchrist CA, Petri SE, Schneider BN, Reichman DJ, Jiang N, Begum S, et al. Role of the gut microbiota of children in diarrhea due to the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. J Infect Dis (2015).10.1093/infdis/jiv772
Ouwerkerk JP, de Vos WM, Belzer C. Glycobiome: bacteria and mucus at the epithelial interface. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol (2013) 27:25–38.10.1016/j.bpg.2013.03.001
Nakada-Tsukui K, Tsuboi K, Furukawa A, Yamada Y, Nozaki T. A novel class of cysteine protease receptors that mediate lysosomal transport. Cell Microbiol (2012) 14:1299–317.10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01800.x
Furukawa A, Nakada-Tsukui K, Nozaki T. Novel transmembrane receptor involved in phagosome transport of lysozymes and β-hexosaminidase in the enteric protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. PLoS Pathog (2012) 8:e1002539.10.1371/journal.ppat.1002539
Furukawa A, Nakada-Tsukui K, Nozaki T. Cysteine protease-binding protein family 6 mediates the trafficking of amylases to phagosomes in the enteric protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. Infect Immun (2013) 81:1820–9.10.1128/IAI.00915-12
Marumo K, Nakada-Tsukui K, Tomii K, Nozaki T. Ligand heterogeneity of the cysteine protease binding protein family in the parasitic protist Entamoeba histolytica. Int J Parasitol (2014) 44:625–35.10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.04.008
Thibeaux R, Weber C, Hon CC, Dillies MA, Avé P, Coppée JY, et al. Identification of the virulence landscape essential for Entamoeba histolytica invasion of the human colon. PLoS Pathog (2013) 9:e1003824.10.1371/journal.ppat.1003824 .
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Eman Hassani ALSalami
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
In submitting the manuscript to the Medical Science Journal for Advance Research, the authors certify that:
- They are authorized by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
- The work described has not been formally published before, except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis, or overlay journal.
- That it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere,
- The publication has been approved by the author(s) and by responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – of the institutes where the work has been carried out.
- They secure the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere.
- They agree to the following license and copyright agreement.
License and Copyright Agreement
Authors who publish with Medical Science Journal for Advance Research agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the Medical Science Journal for Advance Research right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the Medical Science Journal for Advance Research published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or edit it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
