Cytokine Storm and Its Role in the Severity of Respiratory Viral Diseases

Abstract

Background: Cytokine storms, indicating an exaggerated immune response, are key to the virulence of respiratory viral infection. Our study contrasts cytokine storm profiles in parainfluenza, influenza, and rhinovirus infection and investigates the impact of age and gender. Methods: 350 samples were collected, of which 300 were patient samples and 50 were control samples. They were diagnosed through VIDS technology to detect viruses, and ELISA was used for the quantification of cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1). Statistical tests utilized were t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) in order to compare group differences. Results: The results indicated that influenza virus induces higher cytokine levels among elderly individuals (over 65 years of age), followed by parainfluenza and rhinovirus. Females exhibited a stronger immune response, which is due to hormonal and genetic causes. Sex and age significantly affect the intensity of the cytokine storm because immune aging and the inflammatory response of elderly individuals lead to an overreaction of the immune system. Conclusion: Our conclusions offer several trends of cytokine storms in respiratory viruses, with influenza being the most lethal. Age and gender are also significant demographic predictors, providing valuable insights for targeted treatment.