Comprehensive Evaluation of Cystatin-C, KIM-1, and Uromodulin as Biomarkers for Early Detection of Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract

Background: Chronic kidney disease can present at any age, and the condition varies in severity. New diagnostic approaches for many diseases have been made possible by the research of biochemical markers and associated signaling pathways, which have improved the identification of high-risk patients. Objectives: Evaluation of cystatin-C in chronic kidney disease among children in Karbala province. Methods: A case-control study was conducted on 50 patients with newly diagnosed chronic kidney disease and 25 healthy controls. All participants had a measurement of Cystatin C and some biochemical markers, including lipid profile (Total cholesterol, Triglyceride, Very-low-density lipoprotein, High-density lipoprotein, and Low-density lipoprotein), bilirubin, urea, creatinine, and uric acid. Results: The results revealed significant differences (P≤0.05) in the levels of cystatin-C in children patients when compared with healthy groups. The results of the present study showed significant differences between CKD patients and the healthy group. Serum KIM-1 levels demonstrated a marked elevation among children with CKD, while Uromodulin levels showed a highly significant reduction compared with healthy controls.  There is an increment (p<0.05) with high significance in serum bilirubin, urea, uric acid, and creatinine in children  with  CKD group compared with the healthy group. Significant increment (p<0.05) in serum levels of   "TC, TG, VLDL-C, and LDL-C", while a significant decrease (P<0.05) in serum level of "HDL-C" in CKD patients in comparison with the healthy group.  Conclusion: This research suggests that the Cystatin C, KIM-1, and Uromodulin tests provide more value than other indicators for assessing kidney function, and that high levels of Cystatin C and KIM-1, combined with low levels of Uromodulin, may be associated with renal failure in children.

Background: Chronic kidney disease can present at any age, and the condition varies in severity. New diagnostic approaches for many diseases have been made possible by the research of biochemical markers and associated signaling pathways, which have improved the identification of high-risk patients. Objectives: Evaluation of cystatin-C in chronic kidney disease among children in Karbala province. Methods: A case-control study was conducted on 50 patients with newly diagnosed chronic kidney disease and 25 healthy controls. All participants had a measurement of Cystatin C and some biochemical markers, including lipid profile (Total cholesterol, Triglyceride, Very-low-density lipoprotein, High-density lipoprotein, and Low-density lipoprotein), bilirubin, urea, creatinine, and uric acid. Results: The results revealed significant differences (P≤0.05) in the levels of cystatin-C in children patients when compared with healthy groups. The results of the present study showed significant differences between CKD patients and the healthy group. Serum KIM-1 levels demonstrated a marked elevation among children with CKD, while Uromodulin levels showed a highly significant reduction compared with healthy controls.  There is an increment (p<0.05) with high significance in serum bilirubin, urea, uric acid, and creatinine in children  with  CKD group compared with the healthy group. Significant increment (p<0.05) in serum levels of   "TC, TG, VLDL-C, and LDL-C", while a significant decrease (P<0.05) in serum level of "HDL-C" in CKD patients in comparison with the healthy group.  Conclusion: This research suggests that the Cystatin C, KIM-1, and Uromodulin tests provide more value than other indicators for assessing kidney function, and that high levels of Cystatin C and KIM-1, combined with low levels of Uromodulin, may be associated with renal failure in children.